Overview of the Cannabinoid Receptors
For years, the scientific community has known that certain compounds in the cannabis plant, known as phytocannabinoids, have various noticeable effects on functions of the human body, but they didn’t fully understand the mechanisms behind these effects. In the 1990s, however, scientists discovered that the brain itself produces compounds similar to phytocannabinoids, which are known as endogenous cannabinoids. These substances cause their effects by binding to specific sites in the brain known as cannabinoid receptors. Additional research showed that phytocannabinoids affect these same receptors.
About the Cannabinoid Receptors
Cannabinoid receptor sites are located all throughout the body, from the brain to the connective tissue. Cannabinoids bind to these sites in order to promote the proper physiological function of the muscular system, immune system, nervous system and more. When considering the effects of phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol, two primary cannabinoid receptors are of interest: cannabinoid-receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2).
CB1 Overview
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 is found primarily in the central nervous system, although some of these receptors are also present in the peripheral tissues, including the endocrine glands, spleen, heart and other locations. CB1 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. They respond to endogenous cannabinoids, such as anandamide, as well as external cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD.
CB2 Overview
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 is found only in peripheral tissues and is not typically found in the central nervous system. Like cannabinoid receptor type 1, CB2 is a G protein-coupled receptor that responds to endogenous cannabinoids, as well as CBD, THC and other phytocannabinoids.
How They Function Together
Together, CB1 and CB2 are responsible for regulating neuro-hormones in the body. These receptors have an active role in many different physiological processes, including memory, mood, sensations of pain and appetite regulation. When cannabinoids are introduced to the receptors, either from within the body or from external sources, the receptors activate and produce physiological changes.
Research and Implications in Medicine
Research regarding the direct effects of various phytocannabinoids on the body’s specific cannabinoid receptors is ongoing. However, scientists have already learned that certain cannabinoids, such as THC, bind directly with a specific type of receptor. In the case of THC, CB1 receptors are affected. Cannabidiol, on the other hand, does not bind directly with either CB1 or CB2 receptors. Instead, it stimulates both types of receptors. Studies have also shown that CBD limits the effects of THC on the CB1 receptor, which leads to a reduction in unwanted side effects from the consumption of THC.
As part of the endocannabinoid system, the cannabinoid receptors are responsible for regulating the balance of many everyday functions in the human body. However, these receptors are also activated when cannabinoids are introduced into the body from external sources, such as cannabidiol. Thus, it stands to reason that this system can be modulated in order to alleviate certain symptoms. According to Project CBD, this method may be capable of treating a variety of conditions.